Upon completion of two-month State Visits
His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I ad-
dressed the Nation over Radio Addis
Ababa
from the Guennet Leul Palace on August 28,1959.
"In the belief that it will help create
understanding
and co-operation in the world, and out of
particular
consideration for the welfare and well-being
of Our
beloved people and country, We have from
time to time
during the past five years journeyed to visit friendly
countries in the Americas, the United
Kingdom, Europe
and the Far East.
After successfully completing Our recent long
journey on invitations extended to Us
from among
friendly countries, namely the U.A.R.,
the U.S.S.R.,
Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France,
Portugal and Yugosla-
via, We are now happy and thankful to Almighty God to
find Ourself in the midst of Our beloved people.
On Our return from our previous
journeys, We had
made known to you the impressions left with Us by the
reception extended to Us in the countries which We then
visited. Because We believe that the very admirable
reception and sincere expression of friendship extended to
Us by the peoples and leaders of the countries that We
visited recently were also directed to you, We desire to
share with you the sentiments of these visits. We shall
presently make known Our tasks regarding Our future
programmes for the socio-economic development of Our
country.
Our first stop in Our long journey was the U.A.R.
As We had accepted the invitation of H.E. President
Gamal Abdel-Nasser to visit the U.A.R., We stayed in
that neighbouring country from the 24th to
the 29th of
June. During Our stay in the U.A.R. We
discussed with
President Abdel-Nasser matters of mutual
interest to our
two countries and international affairs. We also visited
various national centres and
institutions of economic
and social interest and importance.
From the start of Our visit in the
U.A.R., the warm
and cordial reception and the
spontaneous expression of
friendship extended to Us by President
Gamal Abdel
Nasser and other leaders of the
Government and the
people of the country wherever We went,
created in Us
a feeling of great pleasure and
satisfaction.
As you know, the relation between
Ethiopia and the
U.A.R. has its beginnings thousands of
years ago. The
peoples of the two countries, apart from
being neighbours
have common aspirations and ideals, and
are also bound
by a common link which is the Great Blue
Nile. During
Our visit We discussed matters of mutual
interest to our
two countries, problems common to this
region, as well
as the general situation of the world.
In particular, We
are most satisfied that We were able to
make personal
acquaintance with President Gamal
Abdel-Nasser and
to hold frank and friendly discussion
with him regarding
matters of common interest to our two
nations and to
have been able to reach complete
understanding.
What We witnessed during Our brief stay
in the
U.A.R. regarding the progress of the industry and
economy of the country was commendable. We were
impressed by the hard work and struggle
of the people to
improve their standard of living.
From the many important achievements of
Our
visit, one which has given Us great satisfaction was the
successful completion of the agreement
regarding the
relation of our two Churches. During Our
reign We
have spared no efforts to attain the
greatness that is due
to the Ethiopian Church which has been
an island of
Christianity in the Continent of Africa. We are
most
thankful to Almighty God to have
witnessed the fruits
of Our efforts during Our reign by the
elevation of an
Ethiopian to the Patriarchate of the
Ethiopian Church.
After Egypt, We visited the Soviet
Union. Although
a few years have passed since We
accepted an invitation
to visit the Soviet Union, for various reasons We have
not been able to go there earlier, We
have not been able
to visit that great country with which
Ethiopia for a long
time has maintained friendly relations.
One of the famous generals of the era of
Peter the
Great was Abraham Hanibal, who was an
Ethiopian,
and whose great grandson was the
celebrated poet,
Alexander Pushkin. We can therefore, say
that we
have had a continued relations with the
Soviet Union in
the military and cultural fields.
In addition to the medical aid which the Soviet
Union has provided to Ethiopia, during the battle of
Adwa and now in Our era, and, apart from the assistance
We were able to obtain from that country
through the
Red Cross doctors during the Fascist
invasion, the
Soviet Union supported Our stand in the League of
Nations for the freedom of Our country, and it was one
of the few great powers that did not
recognise the occupa-
tion of Our country by the Fascist
aggressors.
From the moment of Our arrival in the
Soviet
Union, the warm and great reception
accorded to Us by
the peoples and their leaders, whose
hospitality is well known,
was beyond Our expectation. Although it
takes
a long time to visit the whole of the
Soviet Union, during
Our fortnight stay there We were most
impressed to see
how the peoples of the Soviet Union have
been able to
recover from the aftermath of a
devastating war,
carrying out full reconstruction within
a short period of
time and achieving remarkable progress
in the economic,
industrial, scientific, technical and social fields,
and thus
establishing themselves, within the span
of forty years,
as one of the great powers of Our time.
In the talks which we had with the
leaders of the
Soviet Union concerning our two
countries in particular
and world peace in general, We reached
full understanding.
Moreoever, we were able to make personal
acquaintance with Mr. Voroshilov, the
President of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and Mr.
Khrushchev,
the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union,
and we had
frank and friendly exchange of views on
various matters
and reached full agreement on all of
them. As the
result of our talks, agreements have
been signed between
our two governments for economic
co-operation and the
widening of the scope of our cultural
and commercial
relations. Apart from this it is a
measure of satisfaction
to us all to have obtained a long-term
loan of four
hundred million (400.000.000) roubles at
low interest to
finance Ethiopia's Five-Year Plan and
the various other
projects designed for the economic
development of the
country and the raising of the standard
of living of Our
people.
Ethiopia has abundant natural resources.
However
because of lack of capital, it has not
been possible to
develop these natural resources for the
benefit of the
people. It is to exploit these natural resources
and to
carry out the Five-Year Plan for the
benefit of Our
people that We have acquired credits
from friendly
countries such as the United States,
Yugoslavia, the
Federal Republic of Germany and Czechoslovakia.
We believe that the assistance We
obtained from the
Soviet Union will greatly enhance the
exploitation of our
natural resources and the development of
our economy.
After Our sojourn in the U.S.S.R. came
to an end,
We visited Czechoslovakia from the 13th
to the 17th of
July. The relations between Ethiopia and
Czechos-
lovakia are of long standing. It was from this country
that Ethiopia was able to acquire most
of the arms and
munitions needed to defend her jealously
guarded independence
against the Fascist invaders.
Czechoslovakia
was among the very few nations that
courageously raised
their voices in denouncing the Fascist
invasion and in
giving Us support in Our plan to the
League of Nations.
It is often said that "a friend in
need is a friend indeed".
For this reason, among others,
Ethio-Czech relations
are based on a firm and proven
foundation. In the
early part of the postwar period, when
Our defence
means were limited, We turned to
Czechoslovakia for
the purchase of modern arms and the
establishment of a
munitions factory. You are all aware of
the credit
advanced to Our Government by the
Czechoslovak
Government for the purchase of equipment
for our
hospitals and other public health
services.
The warm, cordial and great reception
that was
accorded Us by the leaders and people of
this friendly
nation has once more proved to Us the
existence of
genuine and sincere friendship between
our two nations.
During Our sojourn in Czechoslovakia, we were able
to visit great industrial
establishments, agricultural
centres, institutions of higher learning
and other famous
historical places. We were highly
impressed by the
tremendous progress achieved in the
industrial as well
as in the general economic field by the Czechoslovak
people, especially in the post-war
period.
Just as We have discussed and exchanged
views with
other leaders of the countries We have
visited, We had a
fruitful exchange of views with
President Antonin
Novonty on matters of common interest to
our two
nations as well as on general matters
that concern world
peace. The discussions and exchange of
views were
conducted in a friendly and cordial
atmosphere and
we were able to reach complete
understanding. We
have agreed to conclude economic and
technical assis-
tance agreements, as well as a cultural
agreement, with a
view to the further development and
strengthening of the
economic and cultural ties between our
two countries.
The Czechoslovak Government has
expressed its willingness
to help Us in Our effort to develop our
nation's
economy and to raise the standard of
living of Our people
by making it possible for Us to purchase
from that country
industrial and agricultural equipments
by way of credit,
which will greatly assist Us in the
implementation of Our
economic plans.
After Our visit to Czechoslovakia came
to an end,
We visited for three days the Kingdom of
Belgium with
which Ethiopia has maintained friendly
relations for a
a long time. The friendly reception that
was accorded
Us by His Majesty King Baudouin, the
Government
officials and the people of Belgium, was
cordial. We
are pleased to have had an opportunity
to meet King
Baudouin in person and to have been able
to exchange
views on various subjects. We were able
to gather that
the people of Belgium have reposed great
hopes on the
King and that King Baudouin is a kind
and understanding
person. During Our short stay in Belgium
We
visited modern industrial establishments
and various
places of interest. By so doing, We were
able to see for
Ourself the progress achieved in the
economic as well as in
other fields by Belgium since Our first
visit there thirty-
five years ago. We believe that Our
recent visit has
further strengthened the relations
between our two
countries.
After the conclusion of Our visit to
Belgium, We
I stayed in Paris for two days. All of you
are aware of the
long and friendly relations that have
existed between
Ethiopia and France. The cordial welcome
accorded Us
by the people and Government of France,
both recently
and when We officially visited France four
years ago
was a manifestation of the friendly
feelings which the
people of France entertain towards the
people of
Ethiopia
Not only did We renew Our friendship
with
General de Gaulle, President of the
Republic of France,
which We had cultivated during the time
when our two
countries, were under hard trials, but We also
conducted
fruitful discussions concerning
economic, commercial
and cultural relations existing between
Ethiopia and
France. We also reached mutual
understanding in
broad discussion of mutual concern to
our two countries,
and, in general, exchanged views
concerning interna-
tional peace. General de Gaulle, whose
greatness is
well known in Ethiopia, has a friendly
regard towards
Our country.
On the invitation of the President of
Portugal, We
visited the Portugese Republic from the
26th to the 31st
July. Portugal is one of the friendly
countries with
which Ethiopia has had contact since the end of the
Fifteenth Century.
The spontaneous and friendly welcome
accorded
Us during Our visit by the Government
and people of
Portugal has left a deep impression on
Us. We had
discussions with President Admiral
Americo Thomas
and the well-known Prime Minister, Mr.
Salazar,
concerning relations between our two countries and in-
ternational peace. A cultural agreement
was signed
between our two Governments in order to
develop the
cultural ties that were first established in the Sixteenth
Century and to study and make known the
history of the
two countries.
During Our short stay in the Federal Republic of
Germany We were pleased to have had the
opportunity
to meet the President, Professor Hess,
and to discuss
with him matters of common interests.
Continuing Our visit to friendly
countries, on the
invitation of Our Great Friend H.E.
Marshal Tito We
visited the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia
from the 15th to the 23rd of August.
As you know, We have, during a period of
five
years, visited Yugoslavia twice, and
H.E. Marshal Tito
has, in about the same period of time,
visited Ethiopia
twice. This is proof of the firm and
friendly ties that
exist between our two countries.
Yugoslavia has not
only granted Ethiopia a loan for the
realisation of the
programme initiated for the economic
development of
Ethiopia, but has also extended
assistance in the form of
experts in the field of medicine and
other various technical
matters. These aids have shown fruitful
results to the
greatest satisfaction of both sides.
Even though the
two countries have different economic
and internal
political systems, these dissimilarities
have not been
obstacles to mutual understanding,
co-operation and
working together in a friendly spirit.
This, We believe,
is exemplary.
During Our stay in Yugoslavia, while visiting
various regions and industrial centres,
We were highly
impressed and touched by the true and
friendly welcome
and reception accorded Us by Our Great
Friend Marshal
Tito, his associates and the peoples of
Yugoslavia. The
development works and industrial centres
which We
visited were symbols of the amazing
progress Yugoslavia
has achieved in the socio-economic field
in the last five
years since We first visited Yugoslavia.
In the course of
Our recent stay in Yugoslavia We
discussed with Marshal
Tito matters concerning the relationship
of our two
countries and explored ways and means to
further
strengthen the economic and commercial
ties between
our two nations. We also broadly
discussed general
international affairs. In the course of
our discussions
we reached as in the past, full
understanding and identity
of views.
It is undeniable that We have gained a
great benefit
and assistance for Our, country and have increased its
prestige by Our visits to friendly
countries on various
occasions during the past five years.
Similarly, Our
recent visits, in addition to the fact
that it has strengthened
Our relations with friendly countries,
was ensued by
great political results and has enabled
Us to secure
credit to permit Us to implement the
economic development
projects which will raise the standard
of living of
Our beloved people.
All of you are aware that Ethiopia's
foreign policy
is based on the principles of the United
Nations Charter
as well as on the Bandung and Accra
Declarations.
These principles which We have long
cherished and for
which We have striven are, among other,
collective
security, peaceful and
active-co-existence, non-interference
in the internal affairs of other
countries, respect
for the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of other
nations and peaceful settlements of all
disputes among
nations.
Of the countries which We visited during
Our
recent trip, there are some whose economic
and
political systems are different from
Ours. We believe
that these are made to serve the
particular needs of
each country and are matters of domestic
concern to
each nation, and for this reason We do
not believe
that such differences in political and
economic systems
should stand as a hindrance to the
understanding,
collaboration and cooperation among
nations on
important matters that are of common
concern.
Therefore, the misinterpretation that
was placed by
certain circles upon the meeting and
discussions which
We have had with the leaders of the
countries that We
have visited, was not because they were
not fully
aware of the fact that Ethiopia's
foreign policy is based
upon the above mentioned principles,
but, rather, it
seems that this misinterpretation was
intended to
create an atmosphere that will serve
their own particular
interests.
In this age when man through his
knowledge
of science has created dangerous weapons
to destroy
himself, the responsibility of the great
powers for the
maintenance of world peace is well known
to everyone.
We believe that the exchange of visits
by Statesmen
to talk over matters on which their
points of views
differ will greatly help remove the
misunderstandings
and mistrust prevailing among States.
One of the aims
of Our visit to friendly countries was
to implement
and strengthen this belief of Ours.
After Our visit to
the Soviet Union, We were happy to hear
of the forth-
coming exchange of visits between Mr.
Krushchev,
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of
the U.S.S.R.
and Mr. Eisenhower, President of the United States of
America. It is believed that the meeting of the two
leaders will remove the dangerous
situation now pre-
vailing in the world and create an
atmosphere of peace.
We have expressed Our hope and best
wishes and those
of Our people that the talks they will
hold during their
meeting will be fruitful.
In all the countries that We have
visited We have
felt that all peoples are greatly
concerned about the
maintenance of world peace.
The peoples of the world today, as in
the past,
desire to work for the improvement of
their standard
of living and to live in peace. We do
not agree with the
point of view that the present unstable
situation is the
result of differences in the political,
economic and
social systems among nations.
Even though it is not possible to cite
in history
an era in which all the peoples of the
world were in
complete agreement on all things,
nevertheless they
have not been prevented from working in
cooperation
for their mutual benefit.
The purpose and aims of Our visit are
well known
to all of you. However, We desire that you share with
Us the main objectives of Our visit.
These major
objectives were the following: to find
ways and
means of raising the standard of living
of Our people
and the economic development of Our
country; to
discuss with leaders of friendly
countries and acquire
aid for the implementation of the
porgramme which
We have initiated for the progress of
Our country;
to observe personally their development
projects,
and choose from amongst them those
projects that We
believe will aid in the raising of the standard of living
of Our people, and which will not only
show fruitful
results within Our time, but will be
also a firm and
unshakable foundation for generations to
come so
that all will work and struggle in a
united effort for
the welfare and prosperity of Our
nation. Desirous that
all Ethiopians will faithfully follow
and give full support
to the development programmes initiated by
Us for
the further progress of Our Nation, We
would like
to cite as an example some of the things
which, during
Our former and recent visits, We have
closely examined
and personally witnessed and which We
have chosen
as being useful to the progress of Our
people. In all
the countries that We have toured, We
have observed
that the great fine arts so far achieved
were preceded by
many thousands of years of fine arts
development
attained by human effort. For example
during Our so-
journ. We have seen cathedrals, public
buildings,
edifices and monuments constructed and
ornated with
gold, diamonds, marble and precious
stones. We were
also impressed by the collection of fine
arts achieved
by the great masters of the past.
In connection with these achievements, when
We
enquire into the origins of the attempt
of man to
utilise this knowledge and went beyond
these to extend
the directions of his enquiry without
limit, We find the
reason for all these to be the desire of
man to be
diligent and to widen the horizon of his
knowledge.
Although the beginnings of civilisation
of each
country vary in time, the fundamental
factors which
gave impetus to each country to awaken
and embark
on the road to progress to reach their
present level
of development are those qualities which
are enshrined
in the nature of man, namely, desire and
fortitude.
The present high standard of development
has been
achieved through the accumulation of
knowledge from
time immemorial. We would like Our
people to realise
that this is not something that has been
accomplished
at one stage nor by coincidence, nor has
this stage
been reached in one generation, but is
the result of the
toil, fortitude and sacrifices of succeeding
generations.
We have been prompted to refer briefly
to the history
of civilisation because it is Our
constant endeavour that
all Ethiopians, in their attempt to
satisfy their material
needs, to invigorate their energy,
eradicate idleness and
generate an unceasing desire for better
and more things,
shall elevate their standard of living
to that of the people
inhabiting other parts of the world and
be able to
spare for others.
It is a fact that the knowledge and wealth
that We
had inherited from Our ancestors which
has been
plundered and lost, could be excavated
and discovered.
But what we possess today has been
initiated and
established in Our lifetime.
It is by the understanding of past
difficulties that
We can bequeath fundamental guidances
which would
be of pride to the coming generations:
We, therefore,
urge Our people to struggle and to make
sacrifices for
those things which will enable them to
ameliorate
their conditions of life and leave a
richer heritage.
We wish to recall to Our people what St.
Paul said:
"The night is far spent, the day is
at hand; let us therefore
cast off the works of darkness, and let
us put on
the armour of light. Let us wa1k
honestly, as the day".
The Ethiopian people are conscious of
their destiny and
can strive to achieve their ideals. In
our study of the
various social systems during Our
extended tour, We
have found that the reason for their
successful progress
lies in the fact that they have
accumulated enough
capital which, in turn, made it possible
for them to
carry out better farming, finance mining
projects to
serve their industry, harness their rivers, and in general
exploit their natural resources.
It is only through their achievements and
not
because of the difference in their
innate ability nor in
their numerical superiority that some
countries have
attained a high degree of progress while
those which
have not fully developed and utilised
their inborn
abilities and thereby lagged behind in
tapping their
natural resources have been labelled
"underdeveloped."
The latter have become the
dumping-ground of the
expensive manufactured goods of the former.
The only way to safeguard Ethiopia's
political and
economic independence is for her to make
progress and
stand on her own feet by exerting
greater effort. When
We compare Our country with others, We
can say that
the forests, the rivers, the mountains
and the plains
constitute wealth. We should all be proud of these
fortunate blessings, with which Almighty God has
endowed our country.
Brace yourselves for hard work and pull your
resources to compete with others in the economic and
commercial activities of your motherland. Let each one
of us be conscious of his responsibilities and firmly
discharge his obligations, thereby becoming master of his
own destiny. It is better to till the land rather than to
bicker on trivial matters. It is better to exploit effectively
a small tract of land rather than to proclaim as being
the owner of vast idle land.
Our waterfalls are sources of immense power and
energy when properly harnessed. Use these waters to
irrigate your land and you will be able to have two
harvests annually. The naked mountains and hills are
as useful as the plains below. Plant them with fir
trees,
teak-woods, eucalyptus and other trees, and within a
short time you will increase the forest resources of your
country.
Tend your livestock. Just as one cannot harvest
unless he cultivates his land, so also one cannot expect
good results from his livestocks unless he tends them
carefully.
You have a rich land that yields a variety of products.
Do not be contented with the satisfaction of your bare
needs, but instead cultivate your land among others with
oleogenous plants, the seeds of which you can export for
your greater benefit. Use the forest woods to make
furniture and implements and exchange them for money.
Your workmanship will be a monument to your name.
One should realise that thriftiness is the basis for the
accumulation of wealth and the economic growth of a
nation. One seldom minimises the value of money
earned by the sweat of the brow however small it may
be, but for the extravagant even a huge
amount of money
is worthless. Know how to use your money
wisely and
effectively. A habit once formed becomes
an incurable
second nature. Therefore utilise your wealth for
worthwhile
things and avoid employing it for
harmful purposes
and for momentary pleasures.
What are the things you possess? What
was your
objective in acquiring them? Learn how
to spend wisely
and the increase of your wealth will
eventually be your
guide.
Use your savings where it will pay you
most. The
hoarding of money does not yield
dividends! If you
wish your savings to pay you higher
dividends, join
it with those of your fellow citizens. It is through hard
work, know-how and patience that you
will be able to
increase your capital. The foundation
and essential
characteristics of a healthy society are mutual trust and
confidence. Unless man undertakes the improvement of
his society in co-operation with others, his striving for
wealth becomes mere wishes. Do not be the victims of
temporary contentment and petty satisfactions. Aspire
for worthwhile aims that shall be ideals
for succeeding
generations.
The prosperity of each individual constitutes the
wealth of Our nation which will
eventually enable Us to
expand the schools and hospital that We have established
for the welfare of Our people. The
expansion of public
health services will decrease the mortality rate and increase
Our population.
Just as a farm that is not taken care of
cannot be
free of weeds, so is also the
development of a society.
It cannot be denied that there are some people who have
scrupulously or unscrupulously attempted
to or have
acquired wealth. If the wealth of a
person cannot be for
the general welfare, what would he gain
for himself and
his offsprings but grudge and hatred?
The fruits of
One's sweat and mental labour are always
rewarding, not
only to oneself but also to his
succeeding generations.
Be resolute in your work and attempt to
complete
whatever you undertake; if you face
failure, try again and
persist in your determination to attain
your aim. Develop
a healthy pursuit of life and do not
limit your efforts to
satisfying your selfish desires.
In particular, Our youth must be
steadfast and take
advantage of the benefits of modern
civilisation. Do
not fall prey to idleness for it shall
be a curse to you and
to succeding generation. You must set
yourselves up as
examples of determination and hard work.
Plan your time
and use both your physical and mental
powers purposefully
and productively.
We must remember that man's achievements
in the
field of wireless communications,
aviation, medical
sciences and many others have been
accomplished
through the ages by patience and hard
work, diligence,
perseverance and tenacity. 1t is in the
light of these that
We urge Our youth to struggle constantly
and unceasingly
to achieve their aims.
The fact that medical doctors,
engineers, pilots, the
cadets, in the various military academies, nurses, teachers
and the many other professionals, have
been successfully
trained in the various schools that We
have established,
will serve as an illustration of what We
have stated above.
Convinced that capital and labour are
necessary ingredients
for wealth and prosperity and that these
two factors
are absolute essentials for the economic
development of
Our Gountry, and believing that Our
beloved people shall
apply itself to the task of its economic
progress, We have
acquired loans from friendly countries.
Henceforth, the next step for each
Ethiopian,
wherever he may be and whatever his
endeavours are,
is to follow Our directions and to
devote himself as-
siduously to the execution of Our plan
for the betterment
of Our country. If we a fail to use
profitably the
credit which We have acquired for the
development of
our communications system, port
facilities and the
establishment of industries, we shall
have brought a
heavy liability, not only upon ourselves
but upon succeeding
generations.
Ethiopians, have courage and brace
yourselves.
Unless you improve your lot by the sweat
of your brow
nobody will shoulder your
responsibilities. Provided
that you pursue your task with
unswerving dedication,
We, on Our part, shall do everything
possible to assist
you in your forward march.
Just as We have done it in the past, We
shall make
available to you through various
experts, directives which
will serve as your guide in your work.
We have instructed the municipalities to
prepare
and make available to you at little cost
various types of
seedlings. We shall organise teams of
experts who will
give you advice and counsel in the
fields of agriculture
and public health. We shall set up groups of experts
who will give you advice and counsel in
co-operative
farming and trading.
For the purpose of cultivating
oleogenous plants
and to the end that you may have better marketing
possibilities, We shall make available
to you experts.
We shall organise for you a team of experts
to study
your needs and the ways and means of improving the
quality of crops and trading systems in
relation to the
present economic and marketing
conditions.
As We hold Our people in great affection
so do they
entertain great feellings of affection
towards Us. As a
father should bequeath not only wealth
to his children
but also provide them with proper
education so that
they may have a richer and fuller life,
so should it be the
duty of those for whom much has been
done to show
gratitude. Therefore, let us unite Our
efforts to show
in deeds what We profess in words.
In conclusion, since the ideas that We have
con-
ceived and the projects that have been
planned for the
development of the country can best
materialise by the
incessant efforts of Our people and the
application of
everyone's ability in harmonious
co-operation, We
call upon Our people to be steadfast in
this noble
and challenging undertaking.
May Almighty God sustain Us to realise
these high
ideals. "
Speeches delivered by His Imperial Majesty Haile
Selassie Ist Emperor of Ethiopia on various occasions - page 143 -
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